OUTLINE -- SKELETAL SYSTEM

 

I. Planes and Axes Review

A. Anatomical Position

B. Planes

1. Sagittal, Anteroposterior or Median

a. Mediolateral axis

b. Midsagittal vs. Parasagittal

2. Frontal, Coronal or Lateral

b. Anteroposterior axis

3. Transverse or Horizontal

c. Vertical or Longitudinal axis

4. Cardinal Planes

a. Center of Gravity

 

II. Terminology Review

A. Anterior versus Posterior

B. Superior versus Inferior

C. Proximal versus Distal

D. Medial versus Lateral

E. Ipsilateral versus Contralateral

 

III. Articulations

A. Diarthrodial

1. Characteristics

2. Types of joints

a. Nonaxial

1. Irregular (Gliding or plane)

b. Uniaxial

1. Hinge (Ginglymus)

2. Pivot (Trochoid or screw)

c. Biaxial

1. Condyloid

2. Ellipsoid

d. Triaxial

1. Ball and socket - Spheroid

2. Saddle - Sellar

 

B. Synarthrodial & Amphiarthrodial joints

1. Characteristics

2. Types of joints

a. Fibrous or Osseous

1. Synostoses

2. Sutures

b. Ligamentous

1. Syndesmoses

c. Cartilaginous

1. Synchodrosis

2. Symphysis

 

IV. Fundamental movements

A. Flexion & extension

B. Hyperextension

C. Abduction & Adduction

D. Lateral Flexion or Tilt

E. Rotation

F. Supination & Pronation

G. Circumduction

H. Gliding

 

V. Joint movements - (Brief review, will be covered in detail as we go the the detailed anatomy of each articulation.)

A. Shoulder girdle

1. Sternoclavicular

a. rotation

1. about longitudinal axis

2. about anteroposterior axis

3. about vertical axis

2. Acromioclavicular

b. movement extremely limited-amplifies SC joint movements

3. Scapulothoracic

a. abduction/adduction (retraction/protraction)

b. upward/downward rotation (lateral/medial or cranial/caudal)

c. anterior tilt

d. elevation/depression

 

B. Shoulder Joint

1. Glenohumeral

a. flexion/extension/hyperextension

b. abduction/adduction

c. horizontal abduction/adduction

d. internal/external rotation (medial/lateral)

e. circumduction

 

C. Forearm

1. Elbow (Humeroulnar)

a. flexion/extension

2. Pronation/supination

a. Humeroradial (radius and capitulum)

b. Proximal radiolunar (radial head and radial notch of ulna)

c. Distal radioulnar (distal radius with ulnar head)

 

D. Wrist & Hand

1. Radiocarpal

a. flexion/extension

b. abduction/adduction (radial/ulnar deviation)

c. circumduction

2. Intercarpal & Midcarpal

a. gliding

3. Carpometacarpal

a. Fingers

1. gliding

b. Thumb

1. abduction/adduction

2. flexion/extension

3. opposition

4. circumduction

4. Metacarpophalangeal

a. Fingers

1. flexion/extension

2. abduction/adduction

3. circumduction

b. Thumb

1. flexion/extension

5. Interphalangeal

a. Fingers

1. flexion/extension

b. Thumb

2. flexion/extension

 

E. Pelvic Girdle

1. anterior/posterior tilt

2. lateral tilt

F. Hip Joint

1. flexion/extension/hyperextension

2. abduction/adduction

3. horizontal abduction/adduction

4. internal/external rotation (medial/lateral)

5. circumduction

 

G. Knee (tibiofemoral)

1. flexion/extension

2. internal/external rotation (flexed position only) (medial/lateral)

 

H. Ankle (talotibial and talofibular)

1. plantar/dorsi flexion

 

I. Foot

1. Tarsal Joints

a. subtalar (talocalcaneal)

b. midtarsal (calcaneocuboid & talonavicular)

c. intertarsal

d. all joints combine for the following movements

1. supination/pronation

2. abduction/adduction

3. inversion/eversion

a. Inversion = Supination + Adduction

b. Eversion = Pronation + Abduction

 

2. Tarsometatarsal

a. gliding

3. Metatarsophalangeal

a. flexion/extension

b. abduction/adduction

4. Interphalangeal

a. flexion/extension

 

J. Spinal Column

1. Atlanto-occipital

a. flexion/extension

b. limited lateral flexion

2. Atlantoaxial

a. rotation

3. Spine as a whole - articulations include those between the vertebrae and the intervertebral cartilage and the articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae

a. flexion/extension/hyperextension

b. lateral flexion

c. rotation